Invitrogen™ PD-L1/VEGF Biosimilar Recombinant Human Monoclonal Antibody

The PD-L1 (Programmed Death-Ligand 1) gene, located on chromosome 9p24.1, is essential for immune response modulation and evasion by cancer cells. It encodes a protein comprising extracellular IgV and IgC domains, a transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail. PD-L1 binds to the PD-1 receptor on T cells, inhibiting their activity to allow tumor cells to evade immune detection. PD-L1 expression is regulated at multiple levels: genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional. Similarly, VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) is a critical regulator of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, located on chromosome 6p21.1. VEGF-A, the most studied isoform, promotes endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and survival, primarily through binding to VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 receptors. VEGF is pivotal in both physiological processes like wound healing and pathological conditions such as cancer, where it facilitates tumor growth by enhancing blood supply.